查看“星系中的常见发射线”的源代码

参见[[SFR]]
==电离势==
*H0 13.6
*He0 24.6
* S++ 34.8, O+ 35.1
* He+ 54.4, O++ 54.9
*O0可以电离到3种不同的O+状态（4S,2D,2P）,从O0（3P）到O+的电离势为13.62

==光学波段==
* [OII] doublet (3737A)
* [[OIII5007 | [OIII] (4959A and 5007A) ]]
* Balmer series (6563A, 4861A, 4340A, 4103A, ...).
* [NII]6583A
* 发射线的线比可以区分不同的电离机制，金属丰度  [[BPT diagram]],详细的工作可参见[http://arxiv.org/abs/1606.04667]
*[NII]/[OII]: .  intermediate mass stars are the main source of nitrogen en- richment in massive galaxies (Moll´a et al. 2015), the gas from their stellar winds should be, on average, extremely nitrogen- rich.
*[[SII]]：电离势 10.4ev

==红外谱线==
*精细结构线 [http://arxiv.org/abs/1607.02511]
:*最强的线  [CII]158mu [OIII]88mu [OI]64mu，[OIII]来自HII区
:*The new [OIV]25.9μm/[OIII]88μm vs [NeIII]15.6μm/[NeII]12.8μm diagram is proposed as the best diagnostic to separate: i) AGN activity from any kind of star formation; and ii) low-metallicity dwarf galaxies from starburst galaxies.
:*the ([NeIII]15.6μm + [NeII]12.8μm)/([SIV]10.5μm + [SIII]18.7μm) ratio is proposed as a promising metallicity tracer to be used in obscured objects, where optical lines fail to accurately measure the metallicity.
:*[CII] 158$\mu$m fine-structure line，trace regions of active star formation and is the main coolant of the cold, neutral atomic medium.[http://arxiv.org/abs/1504.05216]
::*C原子的电离势11.2eV，因此C+在中性和电离去都存在，因此[CII]158mu能不能做SFR的指针有争议 (arXiv1910.0541),[CII]是PDR区域最有效的冷却线
::*both [CI] and CO emission trace gas that is predominantly molecular, with a density n ~ 500-1000 cm−3, [CII] traces lower density material (n ~ 100 cm−3) [https://arxiv.org/abs/1809.00489]
:*[NII]205mu, N原子的电离势是14.5ev，比H要高，因此[NII]线是在HII区才有
::*weak [NII] 205 um: 恒星形成 [http://arxiv.org/abs/1607.02520]
::* with an ionization potential of 14.53eV, it traces the bulk of the warm ionized medium
::* in combination with other fine structure lines such as [CII]158µm, [NII]122µm, it enables constraints on key physical properties, such as the fraction of the [CII]158µm arising from the ionized medium, metal enrichment, and electron density (e.g., Cunningham et al. 2020;Dohertyetal. 2020;Tadakietal. 2022)
::* It can be used as an indicator for SFR as both computation models (Orsi et al. 2014) and observations (Farrah et al. 2013;Zhaoetal. 2013,2016) have shown a linear correlation between the [NII]205µm line luminosity and SFR in local star-forming and ultra luminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs)

==coronal lines ==
* Higher-ionization, collisionally excited optical forbid�den lines, known as optical “coronal lines” (CLs; first discovered in the solar corona)
:为什么在AGN中很弱?因为尘埃的沉降效应使得它们很弱[https://arxiv.org/abs/2408.15229]

==理论模型==
*arXiv:2501.05424 从HII的模拟出发，考虑各种因素（如HII区物理层参数的分布，DIG的共享，分子云的Av等）来mock星系的发射线