BPT diagram

• OIII/Hbeta VS NII/Halpha

不一定4条线都有才能区分，3条加一个upper limit也可以

通常 OIII和Hbeta比较弱，更难探测，主要是一些弱的AGN或者金属丰度比较高的恒星形成星系。

大质量星系容易出现Hbeta强，OIII，低金属丰度容易Halpha强，NII弱；

有一些星系没有巴尔沫线，但是有OIII和NII，（高电离态）

• 有一个类似的图用[SII]λ6717+6713/Halpha 代替NII/Halpha，成为VO87

该图能区分LINER和AGN，BPT不能

• OIII/Hbeta 可能不完全能表征AGN

Maragkoudakis et al. (2014) revealed that galaxies with extranuclear star formation can show higher [O III] λ5007/Hβ line ratios, since lower metallicity H II regions in the outer parts of galaxy discs are also capable of producing high-excitation emis- sion lines.

• 高红移和低红移有一些系统的shift

In order to explain offsets between z ∼ 0 and high- redshift galaxies in diagnostic plots such as the [O iii]/Hβ

vs. [N ii]/Hα diagram, it has been proposed that high-redshift galaxies may have higher ionization parameters (Kewley et al. 2015; Cullen et al. 2016), harder ionizing stellar spectra (Steidel et al. 2014), higher density/ISM pressure (Kewley et al. 2013; Sanders et al. 2016), and/or anomalous nitrogen abundance at fixed O/H (Masters 2 Sanders et al. et al. 2014; Shapley et al. 2015; Sanders et al. 2016) compared to z ∼ 0 galaxies. Depending